Protection against winter vomiting bug spread with arrival of agriculture
The arrival of agriculture coincided with a sharp rise in a gene variant that protected against the virus that causes winter vomiting, researchers from Karolinska Institutet and Linköping University report after analysing DNA from over 4,300 prehistoric individuals and cultivating ”mini guts”.
Winter vomiting disease is caused by the Norovirus, which is most virulent during the colder half of the year. The infection clears up after a couple of days, but the protection it provides is short-lived, meaning that the same person can fall repeatedly sick in a short space of time. But some people cannot succumb to the virus, thanks to a particular gene variant.
“We wanted to trace the historical spread of the gene variant,” says Hugo Zeberg, senior lecturer in genetics at the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, and researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig.
Defective gene protects against virus
The FUT2 gene is the target of an enzyme found in the intestinal mucosa. One of its role is to place sugar molecules on the surface of the intestinal cells, and it is through these molecules that the Norovirus infects the gut. The protective gene variant is defective so that the enzyme fails to work – and without the sugar molecules, the virus is unable to enter the cells.
To trace the spread of the variant, the researchers analysed the DNA of 4,343 prehistorical individuals from the past 10,000 years. The defective gene was brought to Europe in around 6,000 BCE by early farmers from what is now Turkey and then propagated throughout the population some 8,500 to 5,000 years ago. In the early societies of the first farmers, the vomiting sickness virus spread much more quickly than when humans lived in small groups.
“Our results suggest that this type of disease environment drove up the frequency of the gene variant as it protects against winter vomiting disease and confers on the bearer the advantage of not falling sick,” says Dr Zeberg.
Finding confirmed with “mini guts”
By studying questionnaires and genetic material from biobanks with 700,000 modern humans, the researchers observed that people with the gene variant rarely had vomiting sickness, especially if they had double copies – one from each parent.
To confirm their findings, the researchers cultivated human gut organoids (or miniature guts) from gut biopsies. In so doing, they found that individuals with two copies of the gene variant were fully protected against Norovirus infection.
The study is published in Molecular Biology and Evolution and was conducted with researchers at Linköping University.
“Ascertaining why certain mutations arise and get selected allows us to better understand how they affect our health today,” says the study’s lead author Johan Nordgren, docent of medical microbiology at the Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University.
The downside – gallstones and stomach ulcers
But there is a price to this protection: modern biobanks show an elevated risk of stomach ulcers and gallstones in the gene variant bearers.
“These are usually linked to stress and a high intake of fat, which was probably less common during the neolithic period,” says Hugo Zeberg.
As regards the clinical relevance of the study, Dr Zeberg says that knowledge that the gene variant provides full protection can be of use in risk assessment. An estimated twenty per cent of the Swedish population have double copies.
“But my chief interest is in evolutionary science,” he says. “Prehistoric DNA is a time machine that allows us to replay evolution and see how genetic mutations can be tied to events in the human environment.”
The study was financed by grants from several bodies, primarily the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Brain Foundation, the Max Planck Society, the NOMIS Foundation and the Groschinsky Memorial Foundation.
Publication
“Natural selection of a virus-protective FUT2 variant following the transition to agriculture”, Johan Nordgren, Richard Ågren, David Hu Ziliang, Magdalena Neijd, Ainash Childebayeva, Kay Prüfer, Marie Hagbom, Lennart Svensson och Hugo Zeberg. Molecular Biology and Evolution, online October 24, 2025, doi: 10.1093/molbev/msaf243