Chemical switch may help decrease crucial symptoms of Schizophrenia
A new study, in which researchers at Karolinska Institutet participated, has found that in mice adjusting levels of a compound called kynurenic acid can have significant effects on schizophrenia-like behavior. The study is published in the journal Biological Psychiatry.
In recent years, scientists have identified kynurenic acid as a potential key player in schizophrenia. People with schizophrenia have higher than normal levels of kynurenic acid in their brains. KYNA, as it is known, is a metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan; it decreases glutamate, and research has found that people with this illness tend to have less glutamate signaling than people without the disease. Scientists have theorized that this reduction in glutamate activity, and therefore the higher KYNA levels seen in patients, might be connected with a range of symptoms seen in schizophrenia, especially cognitive problems.
The study was led by, Professor Robert Schwarcz at the University of Maryland School of Medicine (UM SOM), who in 1988 was the first to identify the presence of KYNA in the brain, has studied the role of KYNA in schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric diseases. For the current study, Dr. Schwarcz and his team collaborated closely with Professor Sophie Erhardt and colleagues at Karolinska Institutet, and also with researchers at the University of Leicester, UK and KynuRex, a biotech company in San Francisco, US.
Levels of KYNA in the brain
The research team studied mice which were deficient in kynurenine 3-monooxygenase, or KMO, an enzyme that is crucial for determining the levels of KYNA in the brain. Specifically, lower KMO results in higher levels of KYNA. Interestingly, patients with schizophrenia have lower than normal brain levels of KMO, which may be linked to lower levels of glutamate.
The mice with lower levels of KMO showed impairments in contextual memory and spent less time than did a control group interacting with an unfamiliar mouse in a social setting. The low-KMO mice also showed increased anxiety-like behavior when put into a maze and other challenging settings. Since these behaviors are similar to behavioral traits in humans with schizophrenia, this suggests that KMO and KYNA may play a key role in the disease.
Clinical implications
According to the researchers, the new discovery has clinical implications as well. On its own, boosting glutamate on a large scale has serious side effects, including seizures and nerve cell death. The team amongst other things propose that modifying KYNA could adjust glutamate more precisely.
This news article is an adapted version of a press release from UM SOM. The Swedish part of the study was funded by the Swedish Research Council, Hjärnfonden, Torsten Söderberg Foundation Vetenskapsrådet, Hjärnfonden, Torsten, and the AstraZeneca-Karolinska Institutet Joint Research Program in Translational Science.
Publication
Adaptive and Behavioral Changes in Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase Knockout Mice: Relevance to Psychotic Disorders.
Erhardt S, Pocivavsek A, Repici M, Liu XC, Imbeault S, Maddison DC, et al
Biol. Psychiatry 2017 Nov;82(10):756-765