New strategy for defeating neuroblastoma
Researchers at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden have found a promising strategy for defeating neuroblastoma – a malignant form of cancer in children – that focuses on the so-called MYCN protein. A specific chemical molecule helps to break down MYCN, which either kills the cancer cell or makes it mature into a harmless neuron. The discovery, which is published in the scientific journal PNAS, raises hopes for new and more effective treatments in the future
Neuroblastoma is the third most common form of cancer in children. It usually develops before the age of two and affects around two dozen children per year in Sweden and around 800 in the US. The tumours are normally located in the peripheral nervous system, but in very young infants they can sometimes spread over the entire body. Current therapies are tough and have serious side effects, and for many of the patients the prognosis is poor. In its most aggressive form only a minority survive, which makes finding alternative treatments particularly urgent.
In the case of neuroblastoma, extra copies of the gene that encodes the MYCN protein are normally found in the cancer cell. This in turn is a clear indication of a poor prognosis, as it has long been known that the incorrect activation of the MYCN and similar MYC genes causes cancer. The strategy of the research group for defeating the disease was therefore to identify substances that prevent MYC-triggered cell division or that kill cancer cells in an MYC-specific manner.
"We have found that a small chemical molecule, that is known from previous studies to inhibit the activity of the c-MYC-protein, also inhibits the activity of MYCN," says Principal Investigator Marie Arsenian Henriksson, Professor of molecular tumour biology at Karolinska Institutet. "The substance disrupts the binding between MYCN and another protein called Max, which results in the degradation of MYCN and subsequently either to cell death in neuroblastoma cells with extra copies of the MYCN gene, or to their development into neurons, at which point their malignity disappears. Small chemical molecules that knock out MYCN are therefore a possible therapy option for children with neuroblastoma as well as for other MYC-driven tumours."
The molecule used by the researchers is no drug candidate; instead the finding is to be seen as a model that can inspire future cancer therapies. However, the researchers did find that the survival rate increased when they applied test treatments on mice with neuroblastoma.
The study also led to a new discovery on what happens inside the cancer cell, where the treatment caused an accumulation of fat droplets, suggesting that the MYC proteins affect tumour cell metabolism and the normal breakdown of fatty acids.
"This is an original finding," says Professor Arsenian Henriksson. "It has not previously been observed that the inhibition of MYC affects tumour cells in this way. This does not only open new avenues for novel therapies for certain forms of cancer, but may also have implications for metabolic diseases, such as diabetes."
The study was financed with grants from several bodies, including the Swedish Childhood Cancer Foundation, the Swedish Cancer Society, the Swedish Research Council, Karolinska Institutet, and the Hedlund Foundation.
Publication
MYC inhibition induces metabolic changes leading to accumulation of lipid droplets in tumor cells.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2013 Jun;110(25):10258-63